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CSS

Sébastien Merour
publié le 13/06/2020 à 16h15 | modifé le 13/06/2020 à 19h00
Catégorie : LangagesCommentaires (15181)
CSS
Description

Le CSS (Cascading Styles Sheets) est un langage informatique permettant de décrire le style, la présentation d'un document HTML. Là où le HTML va se contenter de structurer un document, le CSS va prendre en charge le style, la mise en page d'une page web.

En réalité, le HTML n'a jamais eu besoin du langage CSS pour être exécuté sur un navigateur web. Cependant, le CSS est devenu rapidement une nécessité afin de séparer ce qui relève purement et simplement de la structure d'une page web (c'est le rôle du HTML), de ce qui relève de la mie en page (formes, couleurs, polices de caractères....).

Le style d'une page web peut être défini de 3 façons :

-soit directement dans la page HTML (avec par exemple la balise style, située dans la partie HEAD de la page)

-soit en mode inline (exemple : utilisation de la balise strong pour mettre en gras un texte)

-soit grâce à un fichier CSS, référencé dans la section HEAD de la page.

Il est évident qu'il est préférable d'utiliser la 3ème méthode. En effet : imaginons qu'un développeur souhaite modifier complètement le design d'un site web, sans pour autant modifier la structure des pages web. C'est là que le fichier CSS a son intérêt : le développeur pourra modifier le style du site en ne modifiant que le fichier CSS du site. Ce sera d'autant plus utile si le site web contient de très nombreuses pages.

Il est possible également qu'une page web ou qu'un site fasse appel à plusieurs fichiers CSS. Par exemple, il est fréquent de voir un fichier CSS différent pour chaque taille d'écran, afin de rendre un site 100% responsive.

Par ailleurs, le CSS est devenu de plus en plus puissant au fil des années. Désormais, le CSS permet d'afficher par exemple des animations, ou des graphiques particulièrement complexes.

Les sélecteurs

Le principe du CSS repose sur la sélection : on sélecte un élément (par exemple un type de balise, ou bien une balise possédant un identifiant) pour lui appliquer un style. On pourra par exemple appliquer une couleur rouge pour tous les titres de type H3.

Box Model

Tous les élements HTML (une image, un paragraphe, un formulaire...) peut être considéré comme une boîte. Pour définir cette boîte, on utilise 4 élements :

- Margin (Marge - l'espace qui est en dehors de la bordure)

- Border (Bordure - la bordure qui est autour du padding)

- Padding (Ecart - l'écart entre le contenu et la bordure)

- Content (Contenu - par exemple le texte et les images)

Grid

Grid est un principe CSS permettant d'afficher un Layout en mode "grille". Le développeur peut utiliser ce principe pour positionner des éléments dans une grille, en faisant varier par exemple la taille de chaque case, ou l'orientation de chaque rangée, etc...

Pour afficher un layout en mode Grid, il est nécessaire d'insérer l'instruction display: grid

Flexbox

Auparavant, nous avions 4 formats de Layouts possibles :

- Block, pour les sections d'une page

- Inline, pour le texte

- Table, pour afficher un tableau

- Positioned, pour positionner explicitement un élément.

L'arrivée du concept du Flexbox facilite la création de layout, sans avoir à utiliser les notions de float ou de position.

Pour activer la notion de flexbox sur un élément, il est nécessaire d'appliquer un affichage flex avec l'instruction display: flex

Les proprités d'un conteneur Flex sont les suivantes :

flex-direction

flex-wrap

flex-flow

justify-content

align-items

align-content

Fonctionnalités
Style / Mise en page
Date de création
17/12/1996
Créateur
W3C
Dernière version
3
Langage
CSS
Liens
Aux dernières nouvelles
Depuis 2010, CSS est censé évoluer vers sa version 4. Mais suite au succès de HTML 5 couplé avec CSS 3, il est possible que CSS 4 ne voit jamais le jour, où bien que la notion de version (5 pour HTML et 3 pour CSS) disparaisse, pour devenir des langages en constante évolution.

15181 Commentaire(s)
  1. user
    Прокарниз
    17/06/2025 à 16h52  commentaire modifé
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  2. user
    Charlesjobby
    17/06/2025 à 14h56  commentaire modifé
    Balanset-1A: State-of-the-art Compact Balancer & Vibration Analyzer Next-generation Dynamic Balancing Solution Balanset-1A constitutes an innovative solution for vibration correction of rotors in their own bearings, manufactured by Estonian company Vibromera OU. The device provides professional equipment balancing at €1,751, which is 3-10 times more affordable than traditional vibration analyzers while retaining exceptional measurement accuracy. The system allows on-site balancing directly at the equipment's operational location without requiring disassembly, which is critically important for reducing production downtime. About the Manufacturer Vibromera OU is an Estonian company concentrating in the creation and production of instruments for technical diagnostics of industrial equipment. The company is incorporated in Estonia (registration number 14317077) and has branches in Portugal. Contact Information: Official website: https://vibromera.eu/shop/2/ Technical Specifications Detection Parameters Balanset-1A provides accurate measurements using a dual-channel vibration analysis system. The device measures RMS vibration velocity in the range of 0-80 mm/s with an accuracy of ±(0.1 + 0.1?Vi) mm/s. The operating frequency range is 5-550 Hz with optional extension to 1000 Hz. The system supports RPM measurement from 250 to 90,000 RPM with phase angle determination accuracy of ±1 degree. Operating Principle The device uses phase-sensitive vibration measurement technology with MEMS accelerometers ADXL335 and laser tachometry. Two uniaxial accelerometers measure mechanical vibrations proportional to acceleration, while a laser tachometer generates impulse signals for determining rotational speed and phase angle. Digital signal processing includes FFT analysis for frequency analysis and specialized algorithms for automatic computation of correction masses. Full Kit Contents The standard Balanset-1A delivery includes: Measurement unit with USB interface - central module with embedded preamplifiers, integrators, and ADC 2 vibration sensors (accelerometers) with 4m cables (optionally 10m) Optical sensor (laser tachometer) with 50-500mm measuring distance Magnetic stand for sensor mounting Electronic scales for precise measurement of corrective masses Software for Windows 7-11 (32/64-bit) Plastic transport case Complete set of cables and documentation Functional Capabilities Vibrometer Mode Balanset-1A operates as a comprehensive vibration analyzer with capabilities for measuring overall vibration level, FFT spectrum analysis up to 1000 Hz, calculating amplitude and phase of the fundamental frequency (1x), and continuous data recording. The system delivers visualization of time signals and spectral analysis for equipment condition diagnostics. Balancing Mode The device supports one-plane (static) and two-plane (dynamic) balancing with automatic calculation of corrective masses and their installation angles. The unique influence coefficient saving function allows considerable acceleration of subsequent balancing of similar equipment. A specialized grinding wheel balancing mode uses the three-correction-weight method. Software The easy-to-use program interface provides step-by-step guidance through the balancing process, making the device usable to personnel without special training. Key functions include: Automatic tolerance calculation per ISO 1940 Polar diagrams for imbalance visualization Result archiving with report generation capability Metric and imperial system support Multilingual interface (English, German, French, Polish, Russian) Application Areas and Equipment Types Industrial Equipment Balanset-1A is efficiently applied for balancing fans (centrifugal, axial), pumps (hydraulic, centrifugal), turbines (steam, gas), centrifuges, compressors, and electric motors. In production facilities, the device is used for balancing grinding wheels, machine spindles, and drive shafts. Agricultural Machinery The device represents special value for agriculture, where continuous operation during season is critically important. Balanset-1A is employed for balancing combine threshing drums, shredders, mulchers, mowers, and augers. The possibility to balance on-site without equipment disassembly permits avoiding costly downtime during peak harvest periods. Specialized Equipment The device is effectively used for balancing crushers of various types, turbochargers, drone propellers, and other high-speed equipment. The rotation frequency range from 250 to 90,000 RPM covers essentially all types of industrial equipment. Benefits Over Competitors Economic Effectiveness At a price of €1,751, Balanset-1A provides the functionality of devices costing €10,000-25,000. The investment recovers costs after preventing just 2-3 bearing failures. Savings on external balancing specialist services reaches thousands of euros annually. Ease of Use Unlike complex vibration analyzers requiring months of training, mastering Balanset-1A takes 3-4 hours. The step-by-step guide in the software enables professional balancing by personnel without specific vibration diagnostics training. Mobility and Autonomy The complete kit weighs only 4 kg, with power supplied through the laptop's USB port. This enables balancing in outdoor conditions, at isolated sites, and in difficult-access locations without external power supply. Universal Application One device is appropriate for balancing the most extensive spectrum of equipment - from small electric motors to large industrial fans and turbines. Support for one and dual-plane balancing covers all standard tasks. Real Application Results Drone Propeller Balancing A user achieved vibration reduction from 0.74 mm/s to 0.014 mm/s - a 50-fold improvement. This demonstrates the exceptional accuracy of the device even on small rotors. Shopping Center Ventilation Systems Engineers successfully balanced radial fans, achieving lower energy consumption, eliminated excessive noise, and prolonged equipment lifespan. Energy savings offset the device cost within several months. Agricultural Equipment Farmers note that Balanset-1A has become an essential tool preventing costly breakdowns during peak season. Lower vibration of threshing drums led to lower fuel consumption and bearing wear. Pricing and Delivery Terms Current Prices Complete Balanset-1A Kit: €1,751 OEM Kit (without case, stand, and scales): €1,561 Special Offer: €50 discount for newsletter subscribers Volume Discounts: up to 15% for orders of 4+ units Ordering Options Official Website: vibromera.eu (recommended) eBay: trusted sellers with 100% rating Industrial Distributors: through B2B channels Payment and Shipping Terms Payment Methods: PayPal, bank cards, bank transfer Shipping: 10-20 business days by international mail Shipping Cost: from $10 (economy) to $95 (express) Warranty: manufacturer's warranty Technical Support: included in price Final Assessment Balanset-1A stands as an perfect solution for organizations striving to implement an efficient equipment balancing system without major capital expenditure. The device democratizes access to professional balancing, allowing small enterprises and service centers to deliver services at the level of large industrial companies. The blend of accessible price, ease of use, and professional functionality makes Balanset-1A an indispensable tool for modern technical maintenance. Investment in this device is an investment in equipment dependability, lower operating costs, and increased competitiveness of your enterprise.

  3. user
    Charlesjobby
    17/06/2025 à 12h12  commentaire modifé
    Balanset-1A: State-of-the-art Portable Balancer & Vibration Analyzer High-precision Dynamic Balancing Solution Balanset-1A represents an groundbreaking solution for rotor balancing of rotors in their own bearings, created by Estonian company Vibromera OU. The device delivers professional equipment balancing at €1,751, which is substantially less expensive than traditional vibration analyzers while maintaining superior measurement accuracy. The system enables field balancing directly at the equipment's installation site without necessitating removal, which is vital for preventing production downtime. About the Manufacturer Vibromera OU is an Estonian company specializing in the development and manufacturing of devices for technical diagnostics of industrial equipment. The company is incorporated in Estonia (registration number 14317077) and has representatives in Portugal. Contact Information: Official website: https://vibromera.eu/shop/2/ Technical Specifications Measurement Parameters Balanset-1A provides precise measurements using a twin-channel vibration analysis system. The device measures RMS vibration velocity in the range of 0-80 mm/s with an accuracy of ±(0.1 + 0.1?Vi) mm/s. The operating frequency range is 5-550 Hz with potential extension to 1000 Hz. The system supports rotational speed measurement from 250 to 90,000 RPM with phase angle determination accuracy of ±1 degree. Working Principle The device utilizes phase-sensitive vibration measurement technology with MEMS accelerometers ADXL335 and laser tachometry. Two mono-directional accelerometers measure mechanical vibrations proportional to acceleration, while a laser tachometer generates pulse signals for calculating rotation frequency and phase angle. Digital signal processing includes FFT analysis for frequency analysis and custom algorithms for automatic calculation of corrective masses. Full Kit Package The standard Balanset-1A delivery includes: Measurement unit with USB interface - central module with built-in preamplifiers, integrators, and ADC 2 vibration sensors (accelerometers) with 4m cables (alternatively 10m) Optical sensor (laser tachometer) with 50-500mm measuring distance Magnetic stand for sensor mounting Electronic scales for accurate measurement of corrective masses Software for Windows 7-11 (32/64-bit) Plastic transport case Complete set of cables and documentation Operating Capabilities Vibrometer Mode Balanset-1A operates as a complete vibration analyzer with capabilities for measuring overall vibration level, FFT spectrum analysis up to 1000 Hz, calculating amplitude and phase of the fundamental frequency (1x), and continuous data recording. The system offers display of time signals and spectral analysis for equipment condition diagnostics. Balancing Mode The device supports one-plane (static) and dual-plane (dynamic) balancing with automatic calculation of corrective masses and their installation angles. The unique influence coefficient saving function enables significant acceleration of follow-up balancing of similar equipment. A dedicated grinding wheel balancing mode uses the three-correction-weight method. Software The user-friendly program interface delivers step-by-step guidance through the balancing process, making the device available to personnel without specialized training. Key functions include: Automatic tolerance calculation per ISO 1940 Polar diagrams for imbalance visualization Result archiving with report generation capability Metric and imperial system support Multilingual interface (English, German, French, Polish, Russian) Usage Domains and Equipment Types Industrial Equipment Balanset-1A is successfully used for balancing fans (centrifugal, axial), pumps (hydraulic, centrifugal), turbines (steam, gas), centrifuges, compressors, and electric motors. In manufacturing facilities, the device is used for balancing grinding wheels, machine spindles, and drive shafts. Agricultural Machinery The device represents exceptional value for agriculture, where uninterrupted operation during season is essential. Balanset-1A is used for balancing combine threshing drums, shredders, mulchers, mowers, and augers. The possibility to balance on-site without equipment disassembly permits avoiding costly downtime during peak harvest periods. Specialized Equipment The device is effectively used for balancing crushers of various types, turbochargers, drone propellers, and other high-speed equipment. The RPM frequency range from 250 to 90,000 RPM covers essentially all types of industrial equipment. Benefits Over Alternatives Economic Efficiency At a price of €1,751, Balanset-1A delivers the functionality of devices costing €10,000-25,000. The investment pays for itself after preventing just 2-3 bearing failures. Savings on third-party balancing specialist services totals thousands of euros annually. Ease of Use Unlike complex vibration analyzers requiring months of training, mastering Balanset-1A takes 3-4 hours. The step-by-step guide in the software permits professional balancing by personnel without specific vibration diagnostics training. Portability and Autonomy The complete kit weighs only 4 kg, with power supplied through the laptop's USB port. This enables balancing in outdoor conditions, at distant sites, and in difficult-access locations without additional power supply. Universal Application One device is adequate for balancing the broadest spectrum of equipment - from small electric motors to large industrial fans and turbines. Support for one and two-plane balancing covers all standard tasks. Real Application Results Drone Propeller Balancing A user achieved vibration reduction from 0.74 mm/s to 0.014 mm/s - a 50-fold improvement. This demonstrates the exceptional accuracy of the device even on small rotors. Shopping Center Ventilation Systems Engineers effectively balanced radial fans, achieving reduced energy consumption, abolished excessive noise, and increased equipment lifespan. Energy savings recovered the device cost within several months. Agricultural Equipment Farmers note that Balanset-1A has become an essential tool preventing costly breakdowns during peak season. Reduced vibration of threshing drums led to lower fuel consumption and bearing wear. Cost and Delivery Terms Current Prices Complete Balanset-1A Kit: €1,751 OEM Kit (without case, stand, and scales): €1,561 Special Offer: €50 discount for newsletter subscribers Volume Discounts: up to 15% for orders of 4+ units Acquisition Options Official Website: vibromera.eu (recommended) eBay: verified sellers with 100% rating Industrial Distributors: through B2B channels Payment and Shipping Terms Payment Methods: PayPal, credit cards, bank transfer Shipping: 10-20 business days by international mail Shipping Cost: from $10 (economy) to $95 (express) Warranty: factory warranty Technical Support: included in price Final Assessment Balanset-1A stands as an optimal solution for organizations striving to implement an effective equipment balancing system without significant capital expenditure. The device democratizes access to professional balancing, allowing small companies and service centers to deliver services at the level of large industrial companies. The mix of accessible price, ease of use, and professional capabilities makes Balanset-1A an indispensable tool for modern technical maintenance. Investment in this device is an investment in equipment dependability, decreased operating costs, and increased competitiveness of your company.

  4. user
    ElmerTem
    17/06/2025 à 11h35  commentaire modifé
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