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CSS

Sébastien Merour
publié le 13/06/2020 à 16h15 | modifé le 13/06/2020 à 19h00
Catégorie : LangagesCommentaires (15196)
CSS
Description

Le CSS (Cascading Styles Sheets) est un langage informatique permettant de décrire le style, la présentation d'un document HTML. Là où le HTML va se contenter de structurer un document, le CSS va prendre en charge le style, la mise en page d'une page web.

En réalité, le HTML n'a jamais eu besoin du langage CSS pour être exécuté sur un navigateur web. Cependant, le CSS est devenu rapidement une nécessité afin de séparer ce qui relève purement et simplement de la structure d'une page web (c'est le rôle du HTML), de ce qui relève de la mie en page (formes, couleurs, polices de caractères....).

Le style d'une page web peut être défini de 3 façons :

-soit directement dans la page HTML (avec par exemple la balise style, située dans la partie HEAD de la page)

-soit en mode inline (exemple : utilisation de la balise strong pour mettre en gras un texte)

-soit grâce à un fichier CSS, référencé dans la section HEAD de la page.

Il est évident qu'il est préférable d'utiliser la 3ème méthode. En effet : imaginons qu'un développeur souhaite modifier complètement le design d'un site web, sans pour autant modifier la structure des pages web. C'est là que le fichier CSS a son intérêt : le développeur pourra modifier le style du site en ne modifiant que le fichier CSS du site. Ce sera d'autant plus utile si le site web contient de très nombreuses pages.

Il est possible également qu'une page web ou qu'un site fasse appel à plusieurs fichiers CSS. Par exemple, il est fréquent de voir un fichier CSS différent pour chaque taille d'écran, afin de rendre un site 100% responsive.

Par ailleurs, le CSS est devenu de plus en plus puissant au fil des années. Désormais, le CSS permet d'afficher par exemple des animations, ou des graphiques particulièrement complexes.

Les sélecteurs

Le principe du CSS repose sur la sélection : on sélecte un élément (par exemple un type de balise, ou bien une balise possédant un identifiant) pour lui appliquer un style. On pourra par exemple appliquer une couleur rouge pour tous les titres de type H3.

Box Model

Tous les élements HTML (une image, un paragraphe, un formulaire...) peut être considéré comme une boîte. Pour définir cette boîte, on utilise 4 élements :

- Margin (Marge - l'espace qui est en dehors de la bordure)

- Border (Bordure - la bordure qui est autour du padding)

- Padding (Ecart - l'écart entre le contenu et la bordure)

- Content (Contenu - par exemple le texte et les images)

Grid

Grid est un principe CSS permettant d'afficher un Layout en mode "grille". Le développeur peut utiliser ce principe pour positionner des éléments dans une grille, en faisant varier par exemple la taille de chaque case, ou l'orientation de chaque rangée, etc...

Pour afficher un layout en mode Grid, il est nécessaire d'insérer l'instruction display: grid

Flexbox

Auparavant, nous avions 4 formats de Layouts possibles :

- Block, pour les sections d'une page

- Inline, pour le texte

- Table, pour afficher un tableau

- Positioned, pour positionner explicitement un élément.

L'arrivée du concept du Flexbox facilite la création de layout, sans avoir à utiliser les notions de float ou de position.

Pour activer la notion de flexbox sur un élément, il est nécessaire d'appliquer un affichage flex avec l'instruction display: flex

Les proprités d'un conteneur Flex sont les suivantes :

flex-direction

flex-wrap

flex-flow

justify-content

align-items

align-content

Fonctionnalités
Style / Mise en page
Date de création
17/12/1996
Créateur
W3C
Dernière version
3
Langage
CSS
Liens
Aux dernières nouvelles
Depuis 2010, CSS est censé évoluer vers sa version 4. Mais suite au succès de HTML 5 couplé avec CSS 3, il est possible que CSS 4 ne voit jamais le jour, où bien que la notion de version (5 pour HTML et 3 pour CSS) disparaisse, pour devenir des langages en constante évolution.

15196 Commentaire(s)
  1. user
    Charlesjobby
    17/06/2025 à 23h55  commentaire modifé
    Balanset-1A: State-of-the-art Compact Balancer & Vibration Analyzer Industrial-grade Dynamic Balancing Solution Balanset-1A serves as an revolutionary solution for dynamic balancing of rotors in their own bearings, developed by Estonian company Vibromera OU. The device ensures professional equipment balancing at €1,751, which is significantly cheaper than traditional vibration analyzers while preserving exceptional measurement accuracy. The system allows on-site balancing directly at the equipment's installation site without requiring dismantling, which is essential for reducing production downtime. About the Manufacturer Vibromera OU is an Estonian company specializing in the design and production of equipment for technical diagnostics of industrial equipment. The company is incorporated in Estonia (registration number 14317077) and has branches in Portugal. Contact Information: Official website: https://vibromera.eu/shop/2/ Technical Specifications Detection Parameters Balanset-1A provides accurate measurements using a two-channel vibration analysis system. The device measures RMS vibration velocity in the range of 0-80 mm/s with an accuracy of ±(0.1 + 0.1?Vi) mm/s. The functional frequency range is 5-550 Hz with potential extension to 1000 Hz. The system supports rotation frequency measurement from 250 to 90,000 RPM with phase angle determination accuracy of ±1 degree. Working Principle The device employs phase-sensitive vibration measurement technology with MEMS accelerometers ADXL335 and laser tachometry. Two single-axis accelerometers measure mechanical vibrations proportional to acceleration, while a laser tachometer generates pulse signals for computing RPM and phase angle. Digital signal processing includes FFT analysis for frequency analysis and custom algorithms for automatic calculation of corrective masses. Full Kit Components The standard Balanset-1A delivery includes: Measurement unit with USB interface - primary module with embedded preamplifiers, integrators, and ADC 2 vibration sensors (accelerometers) with 4m cables (optionally 10m) Optical sensor (laser tachometer) with 50-500mm measuring distance Magnetic stand for sensor mounting Electronic scales for exact measurement of corrective masses Software for Windows 7-11 (32/64-bit) Plastic transport case Complete set of cables and documentation Functional Capabilities Vibrometer Mode Balanset-1A operates as a comprehensive vibration analyzer with features for measuring overall vibration level, FFT spectrum analysis up to 1000 Hz, determining amplitude and phase of the fundamental frequency (1x), and continuous data recording. The system provides visualization of time signals and spectral analysis for equipment condition diagnostics. Balancing Mode The device supports one-plane (static) and two-plane (dynamic) balancing with automatic calculation of correction masses and their installation angles. The unique influence coefficient saving function allows considerable acceleration of repeat balancing of similar equipment. A dedicated grinding wheel balancing mode uses the three-correction-weight method. Software The user-friendly program interface delivers step-by-step guidance through the balancing process, making the device available to personnel without specialized training. Key functions include: Automatic tolerance calculation per ISO 1940 Polar diagrams for imbalance visualization Result archiving with report generation capability Metric and imperial system support Multilingual interface (English, German, French, Polish, Russian) Application Areas and Equipment Types Industrial Equipment Balanset-1A is successfully applied for balancing fans (centrifugal, axial), pumps (hydraulic, centrifugal), turbines (steam, gas), centrifuges, compressors, and electric motors. In production facilities, the device is used for balancing grinding wheels, machine spindles, and drive shafts. Agricultural Machinery The device represents exceptional value for agriculture, where uninterrupted operation during season is essential. Balanset-1A is employed for balancing combine threshing drums, shredders, mulchers, mowers, and augers. The capability to balance on-site without equipment disassembly allows eliminating costly downtime during critical harvest periods. Specialized Equipment The device is successfully used for balancing crushers of various types, turbochargers, drone propellers, and other high-speed equipment. The speed frequency range from 250 to 90,000 RPM covers practically all types of industrial equipment. Advantages Over Competitors Economic Value At a price of €1,751, Balanset-1A delivers the functionality of devices costing €10,000-25,000. The investment recovers costs after preventing just 2-3 bearing failures. Savings on external balancing specialist services amounts to thousands of euros annually. Ease of Use Unlike complex vibration analyzers requiring months of training, mastering Balanset-1A takes 3-4 hours. The step-by-step guide in the software permits professional balancing by personnel without specific vibration diagnostics training. Portability and Independence The complete kit weighs only 4 kg, with power supplied through the laptop's USB port. This permits balancing in outdoor conditions, at distant sites, and in hard-to-reach locations without additional power supply. Universal Application One device is appropriate for balancing the most extensive spectrum of equipment - from small electric motors to large industrial fans and turbines. Support for single and dual-plane balancing covers all standard tasks. Real Application Results Drone Propeller Balancing A user achieved vibration reduction from 0.74 mm/s to 0.014 mm/s - a 50-fold improvement. This demonstrates the exceptional accuracy of the device even on small rotors. Shopping Center Ventilation Systems Engineers effectively balanced radial fans, achieving decreased energy consumption, removed excessive noise, and prolonged equipment lifespan. Energy savings recovered the device cost within several months. Agricultural Equipment Farmers note that Balanset-1A has become an essential tool preventing costly breakdowns during peak season. Reduced vibration of threshing drums led to lower fuel consumption and bearing wear. Investment and Delivery Terms Current Prices Complete Balanset-1A Kit: €1,751 OEM Kit (without case, stand, and scales): €1,561 Special Offer: €50 discount for newsletter subscribers Volume Discounts: up to 15% for orders of 4+ units Ordering Options Official Website: vibromera.eu (recommended) eBay: certified sellers with 100% rating Industrial Distributors: through B2B channels Payment and Shipping Terms Payment Methods: PayPal, bank cards, bank transfer Shipping: 10-20 business days by international mail Shipping Cost: from $10 (economy) to $95 (express) Warranty: manufacturer's warranty Technical Support: included in price Summary Balanset-1A represents an perfect solution for organizations striving to implement an efficient equipment balancing system without significant capital expenditure. The device opens up access to professional balancing, permitting small enterprises and service centers to provide services at the level of large industrial companies. The mix of accessible price, ease of use, and professional functionality makes Balanset-1A an indispensable tool for modern technical maintenance. Investment in this device is an investment in equipment dependability, decreased operating costs, and enhanced competitiveness of your company.

  2. user
    Charlesjobby
    17/06/2025 à 22h50  commentaire modifé
    Application The Balanset-1A is designed for dynamic balancing and vibration diagnostics of rotating machinery . The system is used for: single- and two-plane balancing of fans, pumps, electric motors, spindles, crushers, centrifuges, and other rotating equipment , reducing downtime and improving reliability , supporting predictive maintenance programs . Balanset-1A is widely used by service teams, maintenance contractors, repair workshops, industrial plants, and engineering professionals . Why Choose Balanset-1A The supplied equipment includes: dual-channel acquisition module with preamplifiers and integrators , two single-axis vibration sensors (accelerometers) , high-precision digital phase marker and reflective tape , a magnetic holder for secure mounting , electronic digital scales , balancing software (on USB flash drive) , a sturdy transportation hard case . All you need for operation is any notebook running Windows OS . System Capabilities Vibrometer Mode: Vibration phase measurement with ±1° accuracy . Balancing Mode: Polar plot display for phase and amplitude . Advanced Functions: Report generation and archiving of all balancing results . Investment Balanset-1A — EUR 1751 Product page: https://vibromera.eu/product/balanset-1/ Included in Delivery Dual-channel measurement unit 2 vibration sensors (accelerometers) Laser tachometer (phase sensor) with reflective tape Magnetic holder Electronic scales Balancing software (USB flash drive) Sturdy transport case Shipping Terms Worldwide delivery: CTT Standard (Portugal Post): EUR 36, 7–30 days, https://www.ctt.pt/ EMS Express Mail Service: EUR 250, 4–10 days, https://www.ems.post/ Payment options: Bank transfer Credit/Debit card PayPal Warranty & Support 1-year warranty: covers any manufacturing defects, with repair or replacement at no extra charge . Extended technical support (subscription-based): Direct WhatsApp chat with experts, photo/video troubleshooting, remote software and hardware setup guidance, vibration data interpretation, tailored recommendations for your equipment. Subscribe: https://vibromera.eu/pricing-all/ Get in Touch Website: https://vibromera.eu/shop/2/

  3. user
    Arthurpoolf
    17/06/2025 à 21h15  commentaire modifé
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    17/06/2025 à 21h13  commentaire modifé
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    17/06/2025 à 21h01  commentaire modifé
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